Community-level risk factors for firearm assault and homicide by Pear VA, Wintemute GJ, Jewell NP, Cerdá M, Ahern J. September 13, 2023 Risk and Protective Factors Firearm Access and Risk Social and Economic Policies and Programs Homicide Nonfatal Injury Violence in California Abstract BACKGROUNDIdentifying community characteristics associated with firearm assault could facilitate prevention. We investigated the effect of community firearm dealer and alcohol outlet densities on individual risk of firearm assault injury.